Hiatus Update! – How Did We Not Know That
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Show Notes
Regarded as one of the most influential ideologies in US foreign policy, the Monroe Doctrine established the foundation for America’s role in the Western Hemisphere and as a major actor on the international stage. In this episode, Nat dissects the impact of the Monroe Doctrine and its complex legacy in Latin America.
Sources:
- https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/monroe-doctrine
- https://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/monroe
- https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/emperor-of-mexico-executed
- https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/sep2/big-stick-diplomacy/
- https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/good-neighbor#:~:text=Good%20Neighbor%20Policy%2C%201933,-Introduction&text=President%20Franklin%20Delano%20Roosevelt%20took,maintain%20stability%20in%20the%20hemisphere.
- https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/01/trump-and-el-salvador/550955/
- https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/united-states-invades-panama-1989-1067072
- https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/iran-contra-affair
- https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=cfd6f24e40a34b8691c6589bdfedde64
- https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=23
Transcript
0:00:00.160,0:00:03.919
hi everybody and welcome back to another
0:00:02.159,0:00:07.680
episode of how did we not know that
0:00:03.919,0:00:09.360
my name is jack i’m matt and today
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matt is going to be talking about the
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monroe doctrine
0:00:11.280,0:00:16.560
yeah yeah yeah yeah the monroe doctrine
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i’m super excited because okay so
0:00:16.560,0:00:20.480
the two of us are studying for the
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foreign service officer test
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but like we really we really don’t talk
0:00:22.160,0:00:27.760
about it as often but
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um you can’t talk about the history of
0:00:27.760,0:00:31.039
u.s foreign policy without talking about
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the monroe doctrine
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because it’s arguably like the most
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influential piece
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of u.s foreign policy in our history
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so i’m super excited to talk about it um
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we’re going to start off
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by flashing back to the early 1820s
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and at this time several latin american
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countries had won their independence
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from
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either spain or portugal so in 1812 the
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u.s had recognized
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the new nations of chile argentina
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mexico and peru but both
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the us and britain were worried that
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like
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other european nations were going to
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come in and colonize these countries
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later in the future
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and they were especially worried about
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russia
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because in 1821 russian czar
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alexander the first had claimed
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sovereignty
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over territory in the pacific northwest
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so that ranged from
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like alaska to the oregon territory and
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he banned four
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ships from approaching the coast and
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america was like
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um what the heck they were like really
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worried that all these european
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nations were going to come and grab all
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this territory that
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the us was trying to grab right and so
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president james monroe he’s president at
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the time
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and he is scared of foreign intervention
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in the americas and he wanted to create
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a joint
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u.s british resolution that would
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ban further colonization in latin
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america by other european powers
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but secretary of state john quincy
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adams he he goes to president monroe and
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he’s like hey
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let’s ditch britain because it would
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actually limit future opportunities for
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the us to expand its territory
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if we collaborated with britain and then
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also like britain might decide to
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colonize these
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territories or these countries in the
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region
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and so john quincy adams he was like
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really focused on trade
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in latin america south america and
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he thought that like european trade was
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the greatest obstacle
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in the us’s uh economic expansion
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and so he didn’t want anything to do
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with britain and so he
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convinces president monroe to draft a
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statement
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of unilateral u.s policy that would
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establish the u.s as the protector of
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the
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entire western hemisphere
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so on december 2nd 1823
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president monroe gives his annual speech
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to congress
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and in it he explains the idea of what
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would later be known as the monroe
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doctrine
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even though it was actually like mostly
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written by john quincy adams
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and it’s only a few paragraphs in his
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entire speech but
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it’s so significant like it has a
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lasting effect that we still see today
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and so in a nutshell the monroe doctrine
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states that the us
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is the protector of the entire western
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hemisphere and nobody else can touch it
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and there are three main concepts in his
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speech
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so the first is that the old world and
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the new world were different
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and should be two distinct spheres of
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influence so remember like when
0:03:47.360,0:03:52.400
like the uh when the pilgrims went to
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america and they’re like oh this is the
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new world
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old world is like all the european
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countries so they’re like okay we’re
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different
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let’s not bother each other the second
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concept is that european powers couldn’t
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colonize latin america
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and the third is the concept of
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non-interference
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and so any attempt by a european power
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to
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exert its influence in the western
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hemisphere would be seen as a threat to
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u.s
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security and so in turn the u.s
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wouldn’t interfere in the political
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affairs of europe
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or with existing european colonies in
0:04:27.919,0:04:32.720
the western hemisphere
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so does that make sense yeah so when we
0:04:32.720,0:04:35.840
it when you like the monroe doctrine is
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it just
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we’re signing it or do we have to get
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europe to sign it too
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we’re like literally no one’s even
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signing it that’s the thing
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saying it he’s literally just he gives a
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speech and he’s like hey
0:04:47.120,0:04:52.320
this is this is a thing now like the us
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we’re the protector of the western
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hemisphere and if europe tries to come
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in like
0:04:55.280,0:04:58.320
that’s going to be a threat to us and so
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we’re going to fight you
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okay so no one acknowledged it just like
0:05:01.039,0:05:04.560
president said it
0:05:02.560,0:05:05.680
yeah that’s it yeah he’s like he just
0:05:04.560,0:05:09.039
declared it
0:05:05.680,0:05:10.800
like which yeah so
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obviously like this is pretty insane
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because at the time the u.s
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is like a really young country and it’s
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a very minor player on the world stage
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and also it has like no
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military or naval power to back this up
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like he’s just
0:05:24.880,0:05:29.039
he’s just saying it but yeah because
0:05:27.360,0:05:31.520
this is 1812
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right is that what you said okay um oh
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sorry no 1823
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okay so yeah so this is after the war of
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1812 so i think we were kind of
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feeling cocky at the time oh yeah
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for no good reason because if you
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watched war of 1812 you know how that
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went down
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yeah it wasn’t anything to be like super
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proud
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yeah but yeah and so we were like
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feeling really good about ourselves
0:05:56.560,0:05:59.919
um but yeah the rest of the world pretty
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much ignores
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president monroe and they’re like okay
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cool whatever
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um no one takes it seriously and
0:06:06.160,0:06:08.560
question two
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i mean how would everyone else
0:06:08.560,0:06:12.560
acknowledge it because he gives a speech
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but then did they distribute it
0:06:12.560,0:06:16.400
to everyone else did they send
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messengers or is it just you said this
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to
0:06:16.880,0:06:20.560
some people and like no one else knows
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about it
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i don’t know like maybe like newspapers
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reported on it
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and then like word got sent to other
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countries but yeah i really don’t know
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you can’t just like live stream it yeah
0:06:32.479,0:06:37.280
look like um yeah i don’t know how they
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even can you imagine it’s like a game of
0:06:37.280,0:06:40.080
telephone right if you’re trying to like
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spread the news
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and then by the time it gets to like
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chile they’re like who
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who’s protecting us like wait those guys
0:06:46.560,0:06:49.520
really
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okay is that a nation aren’t they
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british
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like didn’t canada just burn down their
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white house or something
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like i thought they were done though
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um yeah i’m sure yeah i’m sure like
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other countries
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in latin america are just like what
0:07:05.280,0:07:12.319
okay um yeah but okay so then like
0:07:08.880,0:07:13.039
in 1833 british forces occupy the
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falkland
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islands off the coast of argentina i
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know about this
0:07:16.240,0:07:19.680
yeah i really want to visit the falkland
0:07:18.720,0:07:21.919
islands
0:07:19.680,0:07:23.840
yeah yeah yeah falkland islands very
0:07:21.919,0:07:25.599
interesting history but yeah so
0:07:23.840,0:07:27.680
british forces occupy the islands and
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it’s off the coast of argentina
0:07:27.680,0:07:33.919
so it’s technically the us’s
0:07:30.800,0:07:36.479
sphere of influence but the us decides
0:07:33.919,0:07:37.039
not to invoke the doctrine probably
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because
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they don’t actually have like the
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military power to stop them
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so britain comes and they take over the
0:07:42.639,0:07:47.520
islands and the u.s does nothing and so
0:07:44.720,0:07:47.520
people are like okay
0:07:48.319,0:07:55.280
great job however as time passes
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and the us’s military and economic
0:07:55.280,0:07:59.120
strength grows
0:07:56.639,0:07:59.759
it actually starts to follow through
0:07:59.120,0:08:02.639
with
0:07:59.759,0:08:03.039
the monroe doctrine so the first example
0:08:02.639,0:08:06.080
of this
0:08:03.039,0:08:10.000
is in 1867 so this is
0:08:06.080,0:08:12.319
right after the civil war ended in 1865
0:08:10.000,0:08:14.960
and the u.s has a lot more military
0:08:12.319,0:08:18.319
power because of the civil war right
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and so at the time mexico is being ruled
0:08:18.319,0:08:21.520
by
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emperor maximilian who had been put into
0:08:21.520,0:08:25.759
power by the french government because
0:08:23.360,0:08:26.560
mexico owed france a lot of debt so
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they’re like okay
0:08:26.560,0:08:30.319
we’re gonna put this guy in charge of
0:08:28.400,0:08:33.279
you um
0:08:30.319,0:08:34.640
and the us they don’t like that france
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has so much influence
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in their neighboring country’s politics
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and so they decide to provide
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military and diplomatic support to
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benito flores
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who is the president of the mexican
0:08:44.880,0:08:50.000
republic and
0:08:47.519,0:08:50.880
emperor maximilian is executed on the
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orders of
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benito forest so that’s like a big deal
0:08:54.240,0:08:58.080
though
0:08:54.800,0:09:01.200
yeah we we supported that and
0:08:58.080,0:09:02.240
helped make that happen and so that kind
0:09:01.200,0:09:04.240
of like
0:09:02.240,0:09:05.920
not only does that like solidify our
0:09:04.240,0:09:06.720
commitment to the monroe doctrine but it
0:09:05.920,0:09:08.880
shows that
0:09:06.720,0:09:10.320
hey we actually have the power to follow
0:09:08.880,0:09:13.440
through with this
0:09:10.320,0:09:17.040
uh definition i’m always confused on
0:09:13.440,0:09:19.360
the us’s relation with france like i
0:09:17.040,0:09:20.640
i need a timeline of do we like them do
0:09:19.360,0:09:22.240
we not like them because
0:09:20.640,0:09:24.720
we’re allies at one point for the
0:09:22.240,0:09:26.080
american revolution and now we’re not
0:09:24.720,0:09:28.800
now we’re trying to make sure that they
0:09:26.080,0:09:32.160
don’t expand territory it’s
0:09:28.800,0:09:32.480
yeah i also am like very confused about
0:09:32.160,0:09:35.920
that
0:09:32.480,0:09:37.279
also i just watched uh hamilton on
0:09:35.920,0:09:40.240
disney plaza and so like
0:09:37.279,0:09:42.000
yeah there’s like uh lafayette and like
0:09:40.240,0:09:44.320
he’s a good guy but then i don’t know
0:09:42.000,0:09:46.480
now we don’t like france and so
0:09:44.320,0:09:49.839
yeah i feel like we always liked france
0:09:46.480,0:09:52.480
though we love our french viewers
0:09:49.839,0:09:54.560
like i feel like because even when they
0:09:52.480,0:09:56.640
had the revolution we still were
0:09:54.560,0:09:58.800
like thomas jefferson is like lobbying
0:09:56.640,0:10:00.720
for us to still like send funds and like
0:09:58.800,0:10:04.160
help france out in their revolution
0:10:00.720,0:10:05.920
and then we decide not to yeah you know
0:10:04.160,0:10:07.519
what i think like the root of the
0:10:05.920,0:10:08.959
problem isn’t like whether or not we
0:10:07.519,0:10:11.600
like france right now it’s just like we
0:10:08.959,0:10:14.800
don’t want them to have influence
0:10:11.600,0:10:16.480
in the region um sorry i have like
0:10:14.800,0:10:18.160
something in my eye
0:10:16.480,0:10:19.839
yeah i just think we we don’t want them
0:10:18.160,0:10:22.160
to have influence
0:10:19.839,0:10:24.480
like on mexico’s politics just because
0:10:22.160,0:10:27.279
we want the whole hemisphere to
0:10:24.480,0:10:27.680
to ourselves we’re not at all we’re like
0:10:27.279,0:10:29.760
yeah
0:10:27.680,0:10:31.360
it’s not about them it’s like it’s not
0:10:29.760,0:10:34.560
you it’s me
0:10:31.360,0:10:37.760
to me not that we don’t like you we want
0:10:34.560,0:10:40.880
all of this to ourselves without yeah
0:10:37.760,0:10:42.160
without any uh pushback so so yeah i
0:10:40.880,0:10:45.680
think that’s what it is
0:10:42.160,0:10:48.800
but i don’t know france yeah shout
0:10:45.680,0:10:53.360
french viewers but yeah so
0:10:48.800,0:10:56.320
after this um the us is propelled by
0:10:53.360,0:10:57.760
manifest destiny and it continues to
0:10:56.320,0:11:00.560
expand its influence
0:10:57.760,0:11:01.360
all around the world so we see america
0:11:00.560,0:11:04.079
is acquiring
0:11:01.360,0:11:05.519
a bunch of overseas territory from the
0:11:04.079,0:11:08.560
spanish-american war
0:11:05.519,0:11:09.279
which we’ll cover soon hopefully and
0:11:08.560,0:11:12.560
then
0:11:09.279,0:11:15.440
also in the pacific islands um
0:11:12.560,0:11:16.959
and this helps solidify the us’s role as
0:11:15.440,0:11:19.839
a world power
0:11:16.959,0:11:20.399
and it also gives like the necessary
0:11:19.839,0:11:22.480
strength
0:11:20.399,0:11:24.160
again to back up this doctrine so we’re
0:11:22.480,0:11:25.519
just like acquiring land and we’re like
0:11:24.160,0:11:29.680
yes we are
0:11:25.519,0:11:32.640
like we are a major world player and
0:11:29.680,0:11:34.079
like what the big changing point um is
0:11:32.640,0:11:36.880
in 1904
0:11:34.079,0:11:38.880
when european creditors were threatening
0:11:36.880,0:11:40.079
to send in armed forces to latin
0:11:38.880,0:11:44.160
american countries
0:11:40.079,0:11:47.200
who hadn’t paid back their debt yet and
0:11:44.160,0:11:47.519
so president theodore roosevelt he steps
0:11:47.200,0:11:50.399
in
0:11:47.519,0:11:52.800
and he sends u.s marines to nicaragua
0:11:50.399,0:11:54.959
haiti and the dominican republic
0:11:52.800,0:11:57.600
in order to ward off these european
0:11:54.959,0:12:00.160
creditors and he says
0:11:57.600,0:12:02.000
quote in the western hemisphere the
0:12:00.160,0:12:03.279
adherence of the united states to the
0:12:02.000,0:12:05.680
monroe doctrine
0:12:03.279,0:12:06.720
may force the united states however
0:12:05.680,0:12:09.360
reluctantly
0:12:06.720,0:12:10.079
in a flag in flagrant cases of such
0:12:09.360,0:12:12.800
wrongdoing
0:12:10.079,0:12:13.839
or impotence to the exercise of an
0:12:12.800,0:12:17.360
international
0:12:13.839,0:12:19.040
police power unquote and so
0:12:17.360,0:12:20.959
yeah yeah go ahead as you say that’s
0:12:19.040,0:12:22.399
really interesting because
0:12:20.959,0:12:24.240
i’ve been like doing some research on
0:12:22.399,0:12:26.800
the haiti revolution and so
0:12:24.240,0:12:27.600
with haiti’s revolution and them owing
0:12:26.800,0:12:29.519
debts to
0:12:27.600,0:12:31.120
france which were ridiculous we’ll talk
0:12:29.519,0:12:32.959
about it in another episode
0:12:31.120,0:12:34.320
but it’s interesting that the monroe
0:12:32.959,0:12:37.680
doctrine had
0:12:34.320,0:12:38.320
them maybe defend like haiti and these
0:12:37.680,0:12:41.360
like
0:12:38.320,0:12:42.800
other central american countries when a
0:12:41.360,0:12:44.320
lot of these countries are refusing to
0:12:42.800,0:12:46.399
do trade with haiti because of that
0:12:44.320,0:12:48.959
revolution
0:12:46.399,0:12:50.800
thoughts on that that’s interesting yeah
0:12:48.959,0:12:52.399
okay honestly i don’t know too much
0:12:50.800,0:12:54.160
about the haiti
0:12:52.399,0:12:56.160
haitian revolution so i’m really excited
0:12:54.160,0:12:56.800
to learn more about that in a future
0:12:56.160,0:13:00.560
episode
0:12:56.800,0:13:02.320
but yeah and also like just like overall
0:13:00.560,0:13:03.360
with this whole like oh you can’t
0:13:02.320,0:13:06.560
colonize
0:13:03.360,0:13:08.480
latin america like i not to be like
0:13:06.560,0:13:11.440
super cynical but i don’t think it’s
0:13:08.480,0:13:13.040
like out of like reasons of like oh we
0:13:11.440,0:13:14.560
have a pure heart like we don’t want you
0:13:13.040,0:13:15.839
to be colonized i think it’s just we
0:13:14.560,0:13:18.560
don’t want
0:13:15.839,0:13:20.000
european powers influenced in our
0:13:18.560,0:13:23.040
quote-unquote backyard
0:13:20.000,0:13:24.720
so to do with um
0:13:23.040,0:13:26.720
our relation with haiti too it’s like
0:13:24.720,0:13:28.880
yeah we’re not gonna let these
0:13:26.720,0:13:31.440
debtors come in but not because we’re
0:13:28.880,0:13:34.000
like yeah not because we like you guys
0:13:31.440,0:13:34.959
but it’s because we don’t want them
0:13:34.000,0:13:37.279
having power
0:13:34.959,0:13:38.000
near us so i think yeah that’s where
0:13:37.279,0:13:42.959
this
0:13:38.000,0:13:45.199
gets tricky and yeah but like regardless
0:13:42.959,0:13:46.720
like this like theodore roosevelt
0:13:45.199,0:13:49.199
literally says we’re the international
0:13:46.720,0:13:49.920
police power of the western hemisphere
0:13:49.199,0:13:53.680
which is
0:13:49.920,0:13:57.199
a huge deal and like his whole
0:13:53.680,0:13:59.680
viewpoint his whole um foreign policy
0:13:57.199,0:14:01.519
theory i guess would later be known as
0:13:59.680,0:14:04.880
the big stick policy
0:14:01.519,0:14:07.279
because he has this davis slogan towards
0:14:04.880,0:14:08.000
foreign policy speak softly and carry a
0:14:07.279,0:14:11.440
big stick
0:14:08.000,0:14:15.120
you will go far so this basically means
0:14:11.440,0:14:17.839
that like hey let’s focus on negotiation
0:14:15.120,0:14:20.000
and cooperation but also like don’t
0:14:17.839,0:14:21.760
forget we have all this military power
0:14:20.000,0:14:23.839
and we’re really not afraid to use it
0:14:21.760,0:14:25.120
against you if we need to
0:14:23.839,0:14:26.880
so that’s kind of what the big stick
0:14:25.120,0:14:29.120
policy is and
0:14:26.880,0:14:31.600
actually like in a speech he tells the
0:14:29.120,0:14:33.600
audience remember the monroe doctrine
0:14:31.600,0:14:34.959
will be respected as long as we have a
0:14:33.600,0:14:37.839
first class navy
0:14:34.959,0:14:39.839
so he is really like adamant like
0:14:37.839,0:14:40.639
president roosevelt is really adamant
0:14:39.839,0:14:43.600
about
0:14:40.639,0:14:44.320
expanding u.s influence all around the
0:14:43.600,0:14:47.440
world
0:14:44.320,0:14:49.279
um and yeah expanding the interpretation
0:14:47.440,0:14:52.320
of the monroe doctrine
0:14:49.279,0:14:52.880
uh and so this might seem like common
0:14:52.320,0:14:55.920
sense
0:14:52.880,0:14:56.639
today because it’s kind of like it’s
0:14:55.920,0:14:58.639
really shaped
0:14:56.639,0:14:59.680
what our foreign policy strategy looks
0:14:58.639,0:15:02.720
like today so we
0:14:59.680,0:15:05.600
kind of see similar thoughts um
0:15:02.720,0:15:07.120
and theories today but like this is
0:15:05.600,0:15:07.760
really crazy at the time because if you
0:15:07.120,0:15:10.160
think about
0:15:07.760,0:15:10.880
other empires at the time like the
0:15:10.160,0:15:13.519
spanish
0:15:10.880,0:15:15.120
empire french british empire like their
0:15:13.519,0:15:16.959
whole theory has kind of just been to
0:15:15.120,0:15:18.800
like send a bunch of
0:15:16.959,0:15:20.560
ships and like military power and just
0:15:18.800,0:15:21.839
like go to war with like all these
0:15:20.560,0:15:23.760
territories
0:15:21.839,0:15:25.519
but then roosevelt comes in and he’s
0:15:23.760,0:15:28.480
like okay yeah we could
0:15:25.519,0:15:30.399
send in military power but it’s more
0:15:28.480,0:15:31.920
about like scaring people
0:15:30.399,0:15:33.680
and like threatening you through
0:15:31.920,0:15:35.440
negotiation so it’s
0:15:33.680,0:15:36.720
i don’t know i just thought it’s really
0:15:35.440,0:15:37.279
interesting because it’s a pretty big
0:15:36.720,0:15:41.360
change
0:15:37.279,0:15:43.440
um and yeah so obviously roosevelt
0:15:41.360,0:15:44.399
expands the interpretation of the monroe
0:15:43.440,0:15:48.000
doctrine
0:15:44.399,0:15:51.120
and it basically justifies military
0:15:48.000,0:15:55.120
interventions in latin america and the
0:15:51.120,0:15:58.079
caribbean um so it’s a really big deal
0:15:55.120,0:15:58.639
but then president so then we flash
0:15:58.079,0:16:01.839
forward
0:15:58.639,0:16:04.639
to the cold war 21st century
0:16:01.839,0:16:05.279
oh sorry this is not the clover okay
0:16:04.639,0:16:07.839
okay
0:16:05.279,0:16:09.680
so then if we flash forward to president
0:16:07.839,0:16:12.399
franklin d roosevelt
0:16:09.680,0:16:13.040
he replaces the big stick policy with
0:16:12.399,0:16:16.240
the good
0:16:13.040,0:16:18.160
neighbor policy and this focuses on
0:16:16.240,0:16:20.639
cooperation and trade
0:16:18.160,0:16:23.040
rather than military force in order to
0:16:20.639,0:16:25.440
improve relations in latin american
0:16:23.040,0:16:27.199
with latin american countries and so for
0:16:25.440,0:16:29.600
example the organization
0:16:27.199,0:16:30.720
for american states is created in order
0:16:29.600,0:16:32.480
to strengthen
0:16:30.720,0:16:35.120
cooperation in the western hemisphere
0:16:32.480,0:16:38.320
and it still exists today which is cool
0:16:35.120,0:16:40.320
uh but this does not stop future leaders
0:16:38.320,0:16:41.680
from using the monroe doctrine in order
0:16:40.320,0:16:44.079
to justify
0:16:41.680,0:16:45.920
military invention interventions in the
0:16:44.079,0:16:48.560
western hemisphere
0:16:45.920,0:16:50.639
so president john f kennedy actually
0:16:48.560,0:16:54.079
invoked the monroe doctrine
0:16:50.639,0:16:56.560
during the cuban missile crisis in 1962
0:16:54.079,0:16:58.560
when he ordered an air and naval
0:16:56.560,0:17:01.199
quarantine of cuba
0:16:58.560,0:17:02.399
after the soviet union started building
0:17:01.199,0:17:04.959
missile launching
0:17:02.399,0:17:06.319
sites there and so that’s a big deal
0:17:04.959,0:17:08.160
because again like
0:17:06.319,0:17:09.360
if you think about it like the us really
0:17:08.160,0:17:12.959
doesn’t have
0:17:09.360,0:17:15.679
the right to like go send
0:17:12.959,0:17:16.319
um i guess forces there and like police
0:17:15.679,0:17:18.640
things but
0:17:16.319,0:17:20.319
because of this monroe doctrine like it
0:17:18.640,0:17:23.919
really establishes
0:17:20.319,0:17:26.720
our foreign policy strategy and our role
0:17:23.919,0:17:27.360
our perceived role in the region and
0:17:26.720,0:17:30.640
because
0:17:27.360,0:17:32.880
we send these troops to cuba
0:17:30.640,0:17:34.799
um and have this quarantine there which
0:17:32.880,0:17:35.679
basically means like we like blockade it
0:17:34.799,0:17:39.039
and we’re like hey
0:17:35.679,0:17:41.200
no one can come in or out um so after
0:17:39.039,0:17:43.039
several days of this the soviet union
0:17:41.200,0:17:45.919
begins to dismantle
0:17:43.039,0:17:47.280
its sights and withdraw its missiles so
0:17:45.919,0:17:49.679
it’s effective it works
0:17:47.280,0:17:51.200
um which also like cuban missile crisis
0:17:49.679,0:17:52.400
like we should cover that in a future
0:17:51.200,0:17:56.320
episode oh definitely
0:17:52.400,0:17:59.600
um so after this after
0:17:56.320,0:18:03.200
uh jfk and the cuban missile crisis you
0:17:59.600,0:18:05.919
rarely hear presidents explicitly use
0:18:03.200,0:18:08.320
the word monroe doctrine to justify
0:18:05.919,0:18:10.400
their foreign policy decision making
0:18:08.320,0:18:12.320
but like even if they’re not saying it
0:18:10.400,0:18:15.840
out loud the monroe doctrines
0:18:12.320,0:18:18.080
history and its legacy nonetheless
0:18:15.840,0:18:20.080
influenced their opinions and their
0:18:18.080,0:18:20.559
perspective of america’s role in the
0:18:20.080,0:18:22.640
region
0:18:20.559,0:18:24.720
um so do you know like what the most
0:18:22.640,0:18:28.000
recent use of the monroe doctrine
0:18:24.720,0:18:31.200
has been maybe like an example yeah
0:18:28.000,0:18:34.400
so i think well that’s the thing is like
0:18:31.200,0:18:36.960
um presidents don’t really
0:18:34.400,0:18:39.679
say like they don’t really use the
0:18:36.960,0:18:42.640
monroe doctrine explicitly to justify
0:18:39.679,0:18:44.000
like what their decision-making um and
0:18:42.640,0:18:45.760
they don’t really say like oh i’m gonna
0:18:44.000,0:18:47.200
use the monroe doctrine because again
0:18:45.760,0:18:49.440
it’s just a declaration
0:18:47.200,0:18:50.240
like it’s not really a treaty so i think
0:18:49.440,0:18:52.160
jfk
0:18:50.240,0:18:54.400
was like the last one to say like hey
0:18:52.160,0:18:54.960
like talk about them in rhode island and
0:18:54.400,0:18:58.640
be like
0:18:54.960,0:19:01.760
this gives us the right and the power
0:18:58.640,0:19:05.440
to intervene in cuba’s affairs
0:19:01.760,0:19:07.919
um but like as
0:19:05.440,0:19:10.240
yeah but that doesn’t mean that like the
0:19:07.919,0:19:12.640
u.s has a very long history of
0:19:10.240,0:19:13.679
intervening in the regional affairs of
0:19:12.640,0:19:16.000
latin america
0:19:13.679,0:19:17.280
so yeah so the history of u.s influence
0:19:16.000,0:19:19.280
in latin america
0:19:17.280,0:19:20.720
is very controversial and pretty
0:19:19.280,0:19:23.200
polarizing but
0:19:20.720,0:19:25.360
i believe that all americans should be
0:19:23.200,0:19:26.000
aware of all of our country’s history
0:19:25.360,0:19:28.240
not just
0:19:26.000,0:19:29.600
the fun stuff so i’m going to attempt to
0:19:28.240,0:19:32.880
give a very very
0:19:29.600,0:19:35.520
brief and unbiased overview of the
0:19:32.880,0:19:37.280
modern history of u.s influence in the
0:19:35.520,0:19:39.360
region
0:19:37.280,0:19:40.799
and yeah i’m just gonna be presenting
0:19:39.360,0:19:43.600
facts so
0:19:40.799,0:19:45.280
so let’s start with president reagan um
0:19:43.600,0:19:48.480
so president ronald reagan
0:19:45.280,0:19:50.960
sent military aid to el salvador
0:19:48.480,0:19:52.080
during his administration so in the
0:19:50.960,0:19:55.039
1980s
0:19:52.080,0:19:56.160
a civil war broke out in the country and
0:19:55.039,0:19:58.480
the u.s government
0:19:56.160,0:19:59.280
sent billions of dollars worth of
0:19:58.480,0:20:02.480
economic
0:19:59.280,0:20:05.280
and military aid in order to support
0:20:02.480,0:20:06.640
the salvadoran government so they could
0:20:05.280,0:20:08.799
defeat the
0:20:06.640,0:20:10.240
leftist forces that were trying to
0:20:08.799,0:20:12.480
overthrow the government
0:20:10.240,0:20:14.159
so they wanted the government to remain
0:20:12.480,0:20:15.440
in power they didn’t want them to be
0:20:14.159,0:20:19.360
overthrown
0:20:15.440,0:20:23.600
and 75 000 people died in this conflict
0:20:19.360,0:20:27.280
so yeah it’s a really significant event
0:20:23.600,0:20:28.159
and yeah when you say leftists what does
0:20:27.280,0:20:31.760
that
0:20:28.159,0:20:34.159
mean yeah like politically left
0:20:31.760,0:20:35.840
so people label them as like either
0:20:34.159,0:20:39.280
socialist or communist
0:20:35.840,0:20:42.320
okay yeah um
0:20:39.280,0:20:44.880
and so probably one of the most
0:20:42.320,0:20:46.159
well-known events in president reagan’s
0:20:44.880,0:20:50.000
foreign policy career
0:20:46.159,0:20:52.480
was the us’s involvement in nicaragua
0:20:50.000,0:20:53.520
in what would later be known as the iran
0:20:52.480,0:20:56.960
contra affair
0:20:53.520,0:21:00.240
so have you heard of this before okay
0:20:56.960,0:21:02.240
so actually the iran contra affair is
0:21:00.240,0:21:04.559
especially controversial
0:21:02.240,0:21:05.840
um and of course just a reminder jack
0:21:04.559,0:21:08.640
and i are trying to create an
0:21:05.840,0:21:10.480
apolitical and unbiased environment so
0:21:08.640,0:21:12.320
when we discuss these historical events
0:21:10.480,0:21:15.440
so i’m just going to give a very brief
0:21:12.320,0:21:19.120
overview of facts only so
0:21:15.440,0:21:19.919
in nicaragua there are anti-communist
0:21:19.120,0:21:22.640
contras
0:21:19.919,0:21:23.520
that are battling the communist
0:21:22.640,0:21:25.520
government
0:21:23.520,0:21:28.000
um it’s the communist sandinista
0:21:25.520,0:21:29.039
government so it’s communist versus
0:21:28.000,0:21:30.960
anti-communist
0:21:29.039,0:21:32.080
like a theme we see a lot through
0:21:30.960,0:21:34.640
history
0:21:32.080,0:21:37.039
um and so president reagan supported the
0:21:34.640,0:21:40.400
contras the anti-communist contras
0:21:37.039,0:21:42.840
and he argued that they were the quote
0:21:40.400,0:21:44.240
moral equivalent of the founding fathers
0:21:42.840,0:21:47.200
unquote
0:21:44.240,0:21:48.400
um and at the time the contras received
0:21:47.200,0:21:51.760
much of their funding
0:21:48.400,0:21:55.679
from drug trafficking so
0:21:51.760,0:21:58.880
yeah and across so across the world
0:21:55.679,0:22:00.080
in lebanon seven americans were being
0:21:58.880,0:22:02.640
held hostage
0:22:00.080,0:22:04.480
by iranian-backed terrorists from the
0:22:02.640,0:22:06.720
group hezbollah
0:22:04.480,0:22:08.559
and so sorry like there’s so many
0:22:06.720,0:22:10.720
countries involved in this thing so i
0:22:08.559,0:22:12.080
it’s very confusing and that’s why i
0:22:10.720,0:22:16.240
think a lot of americans
0:22:12.080,0:22:18.640
like maybe don’t understand it fully so
0:22:16.240,0:22:19.840
so yeah they’re in lebanon but they’re
0:22:18.640,0:22:23.600
held by
0:22:19.840,0:22:25.919
iranian terrorists um and so iran
0:22:23.600,0:22:26.720
actually wanted to buy weapons from the
0:22:25.919,0:22:28.880
us
0:22:26.720,0:22:31.200
because at this time they’re at war with
0:22:28.880,0:22:34.559
iraq so they need weapons for their war
0:22:31.200,0:22:37.440
but the us has a trade embargo with
0:22:34.559,0:22:39.280
against iran which means they can’t do
0:22:37.440,0:22:42.799
trade with them
0:22:39.280,0:22:45.600
and so some national security leaders to
0:22:42.799,0:22:46.320
president reagan suggested that an arms
0:22:45.600,0:22:49.039
deal with
0:22:46.320,0:22:51.280
iran would lead to the release of the
0:22:49.039,0:22:53.919
american hostages in lebanon
0:22:51.280,0:22:55.120
and would also improve relations with
0:22:53.919,0:22:58.080
lebanon
0:22:55.120,0:23:00.080
and furthermore the funds that the u.s
0:22:58.080,0:23:02.960
would receive from this arms deal
0:23:00.080,0:23:04.559
could be used to support the contras in
0:23:02.960,0:23:07.679
nicaragua
0:23:04.559,0:23:08.000
but congress had just passed legislation
0:23:07.679,0:23:10.559
that
0:23:08.000,0:23:12.000
limited the power of the cia and the
0:23:10.559,0:23:15.120
department of defense
0:23:12.000,0:23:15.840
in international conflicts so the cia
0:23:15.120,0:23:19.120
would have to
0:23:15.840,0:23:22.000
funnel this money to nicaragua secretly
0:23:19.120,0:23:22.480
and so there are debates over who knew
0:23:22.000,0:23:24.559
what
0:23:22.480,0:23:26.320
was happening especially whether or not
0:23:24.559,0:23:30.400
president reagan knew about
0:23:26.320,0:23:32.000
the secret funds being sent to nicaragua
0:23:30.400,0:23:33.520
and so i that’s where i’m just going to
0:23:32.000,0:23:36.240
leave it at that you can
0:23:33.520,0:23:37.120
do further research that’s that’s really
0:23:36.240,0:23:39.919
hard to follow
0:23:37.120,0:23:41.679
i think i need like a whiteboard drawing
0:23:39.919,0:23:44.640
it’s really like i wish i could
0:23:41.679,0:23:46.000
have it yeah i we need so when we get
0:23:44.640,0:23:48.640
enough income we will
0:23:46.000,0:23:50.720
put it into getting animators to draw
0:23:48.640,0:23:53.360
that out
0:23:50.720,0:23:54.880
oh that’d be so great exciting that’s
0:23:53.360,0:23:57.840
the next step that’s
0:23:54.880,0:23:59.840
my goal that’s my dream for us um yeah
0:23:57.840,0:24:03.120
no that’s like
0:23:59.840,0:24:05.200
confusing to me basically like to
0:24:03.120,0:24:07.039
i guess to summarize in one sentence
0:24:05.200,0:24:09.600
like
0:24:07.039,0:24:11.679
the money that was received from this
0:24:09.600,0:24:12.240
trade deal with iran who was kind of
0:24:11.679,0:24:15.279
like an
0:24:12.240,0:24:18.960
enemy at the time uh
0:24:15.279,0:24:22.240
was used to support rebel
0:24:18.960,0:24:23.679
forces in nicaragua but that had to be
0:24:22.240,0:24:27.279
done in secretly because
0:24:23.679,0:24:29.520
it was not technically legal so
0:24:27.279,0:24:32.000
so that we supported we didn’t support
0:24:29.520,0:24:34.720
rebel groups in iran but we supported
0:24:32.000,0:24:37.600
rebel groups in nicaragua and why did we
0:24:34.720,0:24:41.039
support the rebel groups in nicaragua
0:24:37.600,0:24:43.120
because they were anti-communist and
0:24:41.039,0:24:45.039
was communist there it goes there it
0:24:43.120,0:24:48.000
goes um
0:24:45.039,0:24:49.520
yeah so lebanon hold up why we why are
0:24:48.000,0:24:51.279
we even in lebanon why do we have
0:24:49.520,0:24:52.240
american soldiers that were captive in
0:24:51.279,0:24:55.120
lebanon
0:24:52.240,0:24:56.799
they were they were uh i think if four
0:24:55.120,0:24:58.400
of them were diplomats and then three of
0:24:56.799,0:25:00.159
them were like contractors
0:24:58.400,0:25:01.679
so they were out there like working
0:25:00.159,0:25:04.159
building stuff
0:25:01.679,0:25:05.520
oh and then they just got taken captive
0:25:04.159,0:25:08.080
or hostage yeah
0:25:05.520,0:25:09.039
so they’re in lebanon chilling but then
0:25:08.080,0:25:11.200
this iranian
0:25:09.039,0:25:12.480
back like this iranian terrorist group
0:25:11.200,0:25:14.080
hezbollah they come
0:25:12.480,0:25:15.919
they’re like in lebanon and they’re like
0:25:14.080,0:25:18.320
oh you’re americans like
0:25:15.919,0:25:19.279
we’re taking you hostage in order to
0:25:18.320,0:25:22.559
like
0:25:19.279,0:25:26.320
yeah leverage for leverage and
0:25:22.559,0:25:27.039
yeah okay yeah well interesting super
0:25:26.320,0:25:28.960
complex
0:25:27.039,0:25:31.200
yeah i don’t even the middle east
0:25:28.960,0:25:33.600
conflict i ran in iraq
0:25:31.200,0:25:34.400
they’re in conflict i don’t know what
0:25:33.600,0:25:37.520
that’s about
0:25:34.400,0:25:40.000
yeah yeah we we could do a whole season
0:25:37.520,0:25:43.279
just about the middle east like honestly
0:25:40.000,0:25:47.440
like yeah we should complex history
0:25:43.279,0:25:50.240
um yeah but that’s
0:25:47.440,0:25:51.679
that is a brief summary of the iran
0:25:50.240,0:25:56.400
country affair
0:25:51.679,0:25:58.159
um but so like regardless uh like
0:25:56.400,0:25:59.279
despite all this controversy like the
0:25:58.159,0:26:01.760
fact is that
0:25:59.279,0:26:03.760
the u.s saw themselves as a police power
0:26:01.760,0:26:04.480
and as a regional watchdog in latin
0:26:03.760,0:26:08.400
america
0:26:04.480,0:26:12.279
they like saw themselves as
0:26:08.400,0:26:16.000
like having the power to interfere in
0:26:12.279,0:26:16.320
nicaragua’s affairs right and like even
0:26:16.000,0:26:17.840
if
0:26:16.320,0:26:20.400
no one ever said anything about the
0:26:17.840,0:26:21.360
monroe doctrine like the legacy in the
0:26:20.400,0:26:23.600
history
0:26:21.360,0:26:25.600
of our foreign policy in latin america
0:26:23.600,0:26:26.240
is like rooted in the monroe doctrine so
0:26:25.600,0:26:29.039
that’s why
0:26:26.240,0:26:30.640
like it’s significant um and then
0:26:29.039,0:26:33.760
finally like the last
0:26:30.640,0:26:37.120
event i want to talk about is
0:26:33.760,0:26:40.480
on december 20th 1989 when
0:26:37.120,0:26:43.200
president george h.w bush decided to
0:26:40.480,0:26:45.039
invade panama in order to oust the
0:26:43.200,0:26:48.559
country’s military dictator
0:26:45.039,0:26:52.080
his name was manuel noriega
0:26:48.559,0:26:54.720
and he had been indicted in the u.s on
0:26:52.080,0:26:55.279
drug trafficking charges so we literally
0:26:54.720,0:26:58.080
were like
0:26:55.279,0:26:58.880
hey we want to arrest you even though
0:26:58.080,0:27:01.919
he’s like
0:26:58.880,0:27:04.960
um he’s like a country’s leader or like
0:27:01.919,0:27:06.000
you’re in charge of sending drugs um in
0:27:04.960,0:27:08.400
and out of
0:27:06.000,0:27:09.520
panama and so we’re gonna arrest you so
0:27:08.400,0:27:12.960
literally like
0:27:09.520,0:27:14.880
uh we the u.s sent 9000 troops
0:27:12.960,0:27:16.720
to meet up with the 12 000 troops that
0:27:14.880,0:27:20.080
were already stationed in panama
0:27:16.720,0:27:23.120
and they kind of like blockaded
0:27:20.080,0:27:26.159
uh noriega and
0:27:23.120,0:27:27.039
he yeah eventually he surrendered and he
0:27:26.159,0:27:29.520
was arrested
0:27:27.039,0:27:30.320
and then he was like sent back to the us
0:27:29.520,0:27:33.279
and he
0:27:30.320,0:27:34.799
was sentenced to 40 years in u.s federal
0:27:33.279,0:27:37.440
prison
0:27:34.799,0:27:38.880
with and yeah and again like the fact
0:27:37.440,0:27:41.679
that
0:27:38.880,0:27:43.760
um yeah the whole role is international
0:27:41.679,0:27:46.960
police power regional watchdog
0:27:43.760,0:27:48.320
rooted in the mineral doctrine wow the
0:27:46.960,0:27:51.039
monroe doctrine has
0:27:48.320,0:27:51.600
a very complicated legacy and it’s easy
0:27:51.039,0:27:54.240
to see
0:27:51.600,0:27:56.640
how much its interpretation has changed
0:27:54.240,0:27:58.720
since it was created in the 1800s
0:27:56.640,0:28:00.159
at first it was supposed to prevent
0:27:58.720,0:28:02.320
european powers from
0:28:00.159,0:28:03.600
interfering in the western hemisphere
0:28:02.320,0:28:05.679
but over time
0:28:03.600,0:28:07.360
it would be used to support u.s
0:28:05.679,0:28:09.840
intervention in the affairs
0:28:07.360,0:28:10.880
of latin american countries so
0:28:09.840,0:28:12.399
regardless of
0:28:10.880,0:28:13.919
like whether or not you support the
0:28:12.399,0:28:16.320
modern road doctrine or
0:28:13.919,0:28:18.480
its interpretation most people agree
0:28:16.320,0:28:20.320
that it’s one of the most influential
0:28:18.480,0:28:23.039
policies in u.s history
0:28:20.320,0:28:24.240
and it’s had a huge effect in shaping
0:28:23.039,0:28:26.720
our foreign policy
0:28:24.240,0:28:27.520
strategy and like what the world looks
0:28:26.720,0:28:30.480
like today
0:28:27.520,0:28:32.320
and it’s just so crazy to see how a few
0:28:30.480,0:28:34.799
paragraphs in this speech
0:28:32.320,0:28:36.799
given in the 1800s has significantly
0:28:34.799,0:28:40.480
changed america’s role
0:28:36.799,0:28:43.520
on the world stage and in the region
0:28:40.480,0:28:45.039
so yeah that’s basically the monroe
0:28:43.520,0:28:46.960
doctrine
0:28:45.039,0:28:48.799
it’s wild and it’s so important
0:28:46.960,0:28:51.120
especially for people who
0:28:48.799,0:28:53.200
are looking uh to take the foreign
0:28:51.120,0:28:54.799
service officer test or are interested
0:28:53.200,0:28:55.360
in the history of u.s foreign policy
0:28:54.799,0:28:58.320
like
0:28:55.360,0:28:58.720
this is so significant so yeah great
0:28:58.320,0:29:00.480
yeah
0:28:58.720,0:29:01.840
thank you nat for breaking that down for
0:29:00.480,0:29:13.250
us really enjoyed it
0:29:01.840,0:29:25.840
me it was fun to talk about
0:29:13.250,0:29:27.919
[Music]
How Did We Not Know That 